| № | Initials and surname of the autor (s) | Article title | Annotation | Keywords |
| 1 | Ablayeva Zhanna | PROPOSALS FOR IMPROVING THE USE OF UAVS IN THE ACTIVITIES OF TOURIST POLICE OFFICERS TO ENSURE PUBLIC SAFETY | In the context of the growing tourist activity in the Republic of Kazakhstan, ensuring public safety requires the introduction of modern technical solutions. One of these tools is unmanned aerial vehicles, which have high potential in patrolling, situation monitoring and rapid response. The article analyzes the advantages and prospects of using unmanned aerial vehicles in the activities of the tourist police, including examples of foreign experience and current practice in Kazakhstan. Special attention is paid to the need for technical modernization, legal regulation, operator training and integration of drones into the digital security system. It is also proposed to introduce a new information sign warning about the implementation of photo and video monitoring on the territory of the tourist site using special technical means installed on the unmanned aerial vehicles. It is concluded that the use of unmanned aerial vehicles does not replace, but complements traditional forms of ensuring public order, contributing to an increase in the effectiveness of monitoring the situation in tourist areas. | unmanned aerial vehicle; external pilot; monitoring; public safety; rapid response vehicle; tourist police; tourist facility. |
| 2 | Aitzhanov Shyngys | MODERN APPROACHES TO COMPENSATION OF HARM TO VICTIMS OF CRIMES: CURRENT ISSUES AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS IN THE CONTEXT OF HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION | The article provides an overview of the current legislation in the field of compensation for damage caused by a criminal offense. With the adoption of the Law “On the Victims Compensation Fund” in Kazakhstan, the possibility of state compensation for victims of crimes was realized. Despite the positive aspects, the law has a number of drawbacks related to the limited number of people applying for payments and their small amounts, which in some cases do not cover medical expenses. The purpose of the study is to assess the effectiveness of the existing mechanism of state compensation for victims and to develop proposals for its improvement. To achieve this goal, the paper sets tasks related to the analysis of legal and social factors justifying the need to increase the amount of payments and the justification for expanding the range of persons applying for state compensation with an assessment of the impact on the budget of the Victims Compensation Fund. The article presents arguments in support of the modernization of the current model of state compensation, as well as an assessment of the potential effectiveness of the proposed solutions in the context of strengthening guarantees for the protection of victims' rights and increasing the availability of harm compensation mechanisms. | harm; payment; victim; compensation; victim; crime; damage; fund. |
| 3 | Askarov Aslan Mediyev Renat Amangeldyevich | DIGITAL PROPERTY AS NEW EVIDENCE: CONCEPTUAL BASES FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF DIGITAL OBJECTS IN CRIMINALISTICS IN KAZAKHSTAN | The article examines the legal nature of digital objects and their forensic significance in the context of criminal investigation and the formation of the evidentiary base amid the digitalization of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Based on the analysis of judicial and investigative practice, materials from the Center for Forensic Examinations of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as normative legal acts and comparative legal studies, the authors substantiate the emergence of a new category of evidentiary means – digital objects. The study establishes that digital objects (electronic documents, blockchain records, NFTs, tokenized assets, and others) possess the attributes of property and can serve as independent sources of evidentiary information in criminal proceedings. Particular attention is given to comparing Kazakhstan’s practice of handling digital evidence with international approaches to the recognition and evaluation of digital objects, as formulated by Professor G. Walker. The authors conclude that the Kazakhstani model of digital law is evolving toward the de facto recognition of digital property and digital evidence. The article proposes directions for further legislative development, including the introduction of the concept of a "digital object" into the Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the development of forensic methodologies for examining digital traces, and the creation of national standards for handling digital evidence. The study contributes to the development of the national doctrine of digital law and criminalistics by forming the conceptual foundations for their further integration. | digital object; digital evidence; digital property; forensics; criminal procedure; blockchain; token. |
| 4 | Akhmetov Yerik Bulatovich Tebaev Didar Bolatovich | ON THE ISSUE OF THE PRINCIPLE OF PROPORTIONALITY AND THE LEGAL REGULATION OF THE INSTITUTION OF THE EXECUTION OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE ACT: THE EXPERIENCE OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN AND POST-SOVIET COUNTRIES | The article examines the importance of the principle of proportionality as a key element of the administrative process, as well as its role in the legal regulation of the execution of administrative acts in the Republic of Kazakhstan and other post-Soviet countries. The article analyzes how the principle of proportionality is applied in the exercise of the powers of administrative bodies, as well as its relationship with the principles of legality and fairness enshrined in the Administrative Procedural and Process-related Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Special attention is paid to the comparative analysis of administrative procedures and the specifics of their implementation in Kazakhstan and countries with a continental legal system, as well as the influence of foreign experience on the formation of national legislation. It is noted that the effective application of the principle of proportionality promotes a balance between the interests of the state and the rights of citizens, as well as improves the quality of administrative justice. In conclusion, proposals are put forward to improve the legal regulation of the execution of administrative acts, taking into account the best practices of post-Soviet states and the need for further modernization of judicial control. | justice; legality; administrative act; administrative proceedings; administrative procedure; authority; administrative court. |
| 5 | Bekezhanov Dauren Nurzhanovich Alzhankulova Svetlana Abildakhodzhaevna | PRIVATE MILITARY COMPANIES IN THE CONTEXT OF THE INTRODUCTION OF HYBRID WARFARE | The article examines the process of legitimizing existing phenomena that have not yet acquired their official international legal status. The issue of the legitimacy of private military companies as a phenomenon currently undergoing the process of legitimization is being studied. Private military companies are the result of two processes: privatization, when private military companies assume security functions in order to solve problems previously inherent in the armed forces of states, and globalization, when, for example, a private military company defends the interests of Multinational corporations that do not have a clear state affiliation. Due to the fact that modern warfare is hybrid, and modern conflicts are more often asymmetric, respectively, it is difficult to oppose traditional military forces to them, and therefore the main actors of such military conflicts, which have the character of hybrid wars, such as private military companies, which today have an uncertain status in the international community, come out on top. public law. The author substantiates the conclusion that it is necessary to clearly define private military companies in international law and establish an international body that would establish unified rules and ensure control over their activities. | рrivate military companie; warrior; combatant; international humanitarian law; hybrid warfare; armed forces; armed conflict; intelligence; employees of private military companies. |
| 6 | Belkhozhayeva Dinara Zhomartovna Turlykhankyzy Kuralay | THE APPLICATION OF MASSIVE OPEN ONLINE COURSES (MOOCS) IN THE TEACHING OF CRIMINAL LAW DISCIPLINES | Currently, massive open online courses are widely used in the educational process as a new digital format of learning. This digital educational tool has significant potential for integration into the training of future lawyers and law enforcement officers, especially in the context of criminal law training. This article examines the current aspects of effective use of massive open online courses in teaching criminal law disciplines, their integration capabilities, adaptation features, and emerging methodological and organizational difficulties. Analyzing the role and significance of MOOCs in the educational process, the authors explore their potential in improving professional training, enhancing the quality of learning through interactive tools, and developing students' skills in understanding and working with legal situations. Furthermore, the article describes the organizational features, methodological approaches to teaching criminal law disciplines in the MOOC format, and their importance in shaping the legal consciousness of students. Ways to improve the effectiveness of learning are proposed by including case studies, situational tasks, and practical models in online courses on criminal law disciplines. The research results contain recommendations and conclusions aimed at improving the effectiveness of MOOC use in the digital educational space. | digital education; digital technologies; digital platform; massive open online courses; online learning; blended learning; criminal law disciplines. |
| 7 | Buranbayeva Saliman Rakhmanovna Toktybekov Temir Abikenovich | INTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE STATUS OF PARTICIPANTS IN ARMED CONFLICTS | In the contemporary world, where both local and large-scale armed conflicts continue to affect various regions, the question of accountability for war crimes remains highly pressing. War can never be justified, as it is inherently accompanied by brutality and violence. Nevertheless, even during hostilities, parties to a conflict are obligated to adhere to the norms of international law to minimize unnecessary casualties and destruction. International humanitarian law distinctly categorizes conflict participants into two groups: combatants and civilians. This distinction is essential for determining who is directly engaged in hostilities and who requires special protection. This article places particular emphasis on the analysis of legal instruments that define the status of both direct participants in armed conflicts and civilians. For a thorough examination of the issue, the study refers to the 1949 Geneva Conventions and their 1977 Additional Protocols. Special attention is given to Additional Protocol I, which elaborates on the principal provisions of the Geneva Conventions concerning the protection of victims of international armed conflicts. These instruments regulate the rights of combatants and civilians while also addressing the status of medical personnel and clergy during armed conflicts. Furthermore, the study considers both international and non-international armed conflicts. | сombatant; civilian; armed conflict; international humanitarian law; the United Nations; war; Geneva conventions; Additional protocols. |
| 8 | Yerinbetova Lazzat Kaldybekovna Alisher Anaitovich Gaitov | COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN APPROACHES TO BULLYING PREVENTION IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS: LEGAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS | This article examines various methods of combating bullying in educational institutions in foreign countries and Kazakhstan. The concepts of bullying and cyberbullying appeared relatively recently in the Code of Administrative Offenses of Kazakhstan. With the development of technology, harassment in modern schools occurs not only directly toward the victim but also indirectly through the use of devices and gadgets. Cyberbullying is just as dangerous to students’ mental health as traditional bullying. The consequences of harassment in educational institutions can vary, including severe cases such as driving a person to suicide. Since the number of suicides committed by adolescents in Kazakhstan shows no tendency to decrease, we propose adopting both legislative and programmatic measures to combat violence within the walls of general education schools. | bullying; cyberbullying; insult; program; legislation; criminal liability; educational institutions. |
| 9 | Yerkenov Bolat Doszhanovich Bukenessov Azamat Serikbayevich | TERMINOLOGICAL INCONSISTENCIES IN THE CRIMINAL AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURAL LEGISLATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN IN THE CONTEXT OF CONFISCATION OF CRIMINAL PROCEEDS | The article explores terminological inconsistencies in the criminal and criminal-procedural legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan related to the confiscation of criminal proceeds. The study provides a theoretical and comparative-legal analysis of the categories “obtained illegally” and “obtained through crime”, revealing their incompatibility with the General Part of the Criminal Procedure Code (Article 118), the Criminal Code (Article 218), and international standards of FATF and the United Nations. Based on international conventions and comparative practice, the author substantiates the necessity of harmonizing terminology in Chapter 71 of the CPC of Kazakhstan. The proposed amendments aim to ensure legal certainty, systematic coherence of national legislation, and compliance with the universal concept of proceeds of crime, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of criminal-procedure mechanisms for confiscation and anti-money-laundering enforcement. | offence; crime; proceed; property; confiscation; illegal; by criminal mean. |
| 10 | Ismailbaуev Timurlan Shamilevich | MODERN APPROACHES IN THE PERSONNEL POLICY OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES - DIGITALIZATION, REPUTATION, AND THE RULE OF LAW | As a result of the reforms carried out during the period of independence, the general principles of building and functioning of the civil service system have been defined. In particular, the fundamental postulates of the organization and functioning of the system have been established, registers of civil service positions have been formed, and the legal status of civil servants has been determined (with a clearly regulated procedure for entry, service, and dismissal from the civil service), among others. In the article, the author analyzes the role of law enforcement agencies in the constitutional and legal mechanism of ensuring the rule of law and protecting the rights and freedoms of citizens. It is proposed to improve personnel policy through the digitalization of the process of selecting candidates for law enforcement service, the introduction of the “impeccable reputation” institute, as well as the regulatory settlement of disproportions between candidates undergoing initial professional training and graduates of higher educational institutions of law enforcement bodies. | law enforcement agencie; rule of law; protection of rights and freedoms; rule-of-law state; preventive measures; personnel policy; impeccable reputation; digitization of selection; initial professional training; information technology; civil service reform. |
| 11 | Kainazarova Dariga Bolatovna | INSTITUTE OF GOOD FAITH IN CIVIL LAW | The article examines the institute of good faith in civil law as a fundamental principle that ensures a balance between formal compliance with the law and the achievement of a fair outcome. The historical origins of the category are analyzed, beginning with Roman law and the German tradition, as well as its modern consolidation in the legal systems of France, Germany, Russia, and Kazakhstan. Theoretical problems are noted, including the uncertainty of the content of good faith, its correlation with the freedom of contract, and the risks of judicial subjectivism. Particular attention is paid to the judicial practice of the Republic of Kazakhstan, where the principle of good faith is applied to protect the rights of bona fide purchasers, in contractual relations, and in identifying abuses of rights. A comparative analysis has revealed differences in the approaches of national and foreign courts, as well as the need to unify Kazakhstani judicial practice and to legislatively clarify the criteria for good faith conduct. Proposals are made for improving legislation, judicial practice, and legal education. | civil law; abuse of rights; freedom of contract; good faith; law enforcement (application of law); bona fide purchaser; judicial practice; judicial subjectivism; comparative legal analysis; legal certainty. |
| 12 | Kaliyev Askar Abuzhanovich | GAMIFICATION AND SIMULATORS IN THE TRAINING OF CYBERCRIME INVESTIGATORS | With the rapid growth of digital threats, law enforcement agencies face the need to modernize the training of specialists involved in the investigation of cybercrime. The article considers the potential of using gamification and simulators as effective tools of practice-oriented training. Psychological, pedagogical and organizational grounds for the application of these approaches are substantiated, and successful cases from international practice (USA, EU, Israel, Singapore) are presented. Economic efficiency and legal limitations are assessed. Special attention is paid to the possibilities of introducing such solutions in Kazakhstan and, first of all, in law enforcement educational institutions, including the adaptation of national standards, requirements for digital platforms and the creation of a legislative framework. The results of the study are of practical value for curriculum developers of scientific and educational institutions and can be used in the training of cyber specialists. | gamification; simulator; cybercrime; digital learning; investigation; forensics; virtual reality; artificial intelligence; legal regulation; training methodology. |
| 13 | Karzhaubayev Serik Seitovich Kazhmuratova Dinara Serdokovna | THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CERTAIN PRINCIPLES OF RULE-MAKING FOR THE STABILITY AND ADAPTABILITY OF CRIMINAL LEGISLATION | The instability and lack of adaptability of criminal legislation undermines the authority of the inviolability of law, creates conditions for the growth of violations and generates impunity and, as a result, public distrust of the State. The solution to these problems is seen in improving the rule-making process. As you know, any process is based on its principles, adhering to which it is possible to effectively solve urgent problems. Scientific hypotheses were used as the basis for the correct understanding of the problem and the selection of the most significant principles. Scientific elaboration allowed us to make a choice of priority principles of rulemaking. The article provides a justification for the scientific principle, identifies ways to implement this principle. The effectiveness of the result of applying the scientific principle in the rule-making process is presented. The study of the principle of stability allowed us to scientifically determine its place in the system of principles of rulemaking. The main directions of the implementation of this principle in the rule-making process are highlighted. | rule-making; criminal legislation; principle; scientific validity; stability; adaptability. |
| 14 | Kussainova Assel Kadyrbekkyzy Zhaxylykov Ruslan Adilbekovich | DEVELOPMENT OF THE INSTITUTION OF CIVIL CONFISCATION IN THE CONTEXT OF KAZAKHSTANI LEGISLATION | The article examines the problem of the lack of a legislative definition of the concept of civil confiscation in the Republic of Kazakhstan, which leads to legal uncertainty, difficulties in law enforcement and interpretation of laws. The author examines the key signs of civil confiscation of property identified by domestic and foreign researchers. An analysis of the regulatory framework reflecting the elements of civil confiscation in national legislation is also carried out, as well as the formation of the features of this institution from the perspective of civil law. Particular attention is paid to legal institutions such as termination of property rights, unjust enrichment, invalidation of transactions and claims of unexplained wealth. According to the author, it is these institutions that together form the prerequisites for the institutionalization of civil confiscation in national law. It is emphasized that civil confiscation allows for the effective return of assets obtained illegally, without the need for criminal charges, which corresponds to modern anti-corruption trends and strengthens the protection of the public interests of the state. | civil confiscation; asset recovery; civil code; withdrawal; property; assets; sentence; state. |
| 15 | Mukanov Daniyar Zhumagatovich Omarov Yerbol Agbayevich | PROBLEMS OF IMPLEMENTING GUARANTEES FOR THE PROTECTION OF SUSPECTS AND PREVENTING TORTURE IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS | The article examines the systemic factors contributing to the use of torture and other forms of cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment in the activities of law enforcement agencies in the Republic of Kazakhstan. It analyzes national legislation, law enforcement practices, and international standards, including the 1984 United Nations Convention against Torture and its Optional Protocol. Special attention is given to the impact of the system of planned crime detection rates, the dependence of investigations on confessions, the conditions of detention, and the insufficient implementation of procedural guarantees for suspects. The study examines foreign approaches (Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States) aimed at ensuring transparency, independence of investigations, and judicial control. The study formulates proposals for improving legislation, strengthening criminal liability for torture, expanding the powers of prosecutorial oversight, and strengthening institutional guarantees for the protection of human rights. | torture; abuse; human rights; criminal proceedings; procedural guarantees; suspect; law enforcement agencies; responsibility. |
| 16 | Mukasheva Anor Abaikhankyzy Elmira Faatovna Nigmatullina | STATE MECHANISM OF REGULATING THE DIGITAL SPACE | This article is devoted to the legal understanding of the role of the state in the context of contemporary digital transformation. Particular attention is paid to institutional and regulatory mechanisms through which the state exercises its regulatory functions and participates in the operation of the digital environment. The article analyses relevant initiatives, including the draft Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan “On Artificial Intelligence” (2025), as well as selected foreign approaches implemented within the European Union and the United States. Special focus is given to the legal status of the state in the digital space and the challenges of ensuring the protection of individual digital rights. Two main approaches to the implementation of the digital transformation of the public administration system are analyzed, “the pros” and “cons” of the approaches under consideration are identified. The main issues that should be focused on by civil society and government agencies have been identified. These include: the likelihood of algorithmic bias that will lead to AI making wrong decisions; digital inequality among various segments of the population of Kazakhstan; vulnerability of government digital systems in cases of cyber attacks on government information resources; fragmentation of digital solutions. Also a serious problem is the lack of an appropriate regulatory framework to protect the digital rights of individuals, ensure responsible behavior in the digital environment, and regulate the mechanisms of state and public control over the functioning and development of artificial intelligence systems. The authors of the article propose ways to solve the above-mentioned problems of regulating the digital space. | state; artificial intelligence; draft law; Republic of Kazakhstan; digital transformation; digital rights. |
| 17 | Nubaeva Gulmira Galsmovna Kuranbek Zhebegen Abayuli | PROCEDURAL DUALISM AND INSTITUTIONAL CONTRADICTIONS IN THE STATUS OF THE PUBLIC PROSECUTOR IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS WITH JURY PARTICIPATION: THE KAZAKHSTANI EXPERIENCE AND GLOBAL TRENDS | This article explores the theoretical, legal, and practical aspects of the dual nature of the public prosecutor’s role in criminal proceedings involving jury trials in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The author examines the contradictions between the prosecutorial oversight and accusatory functions during the trial stage, which create procedural imbalances and reduce the effectiveness of public prosecution. It is emphasized that under adversarial proceedings with jury participation, the merging of roles – where the public prosecutor simultaneously acts as a party to the prosecution and as a guarantor of legality – contradicts the principles of fair trial. Particular attention is given to the correlation between the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code and the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, especially Articles 58 and 83. The article substantiates the need for legislative delineation between the concepts of “prosecutor” and “public prosecutor”, and proposes a revised version of Article 7 of the Criminal Procedure Code. A comparative legal analysis of foreign models of criminal prosecution is conducted, including systems in the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, France, and several post-Soviet states. The author concludes that institutional reform is necessary to ensure objectivity and equality of arms in jury trials. | public prosecutor; prosecutor; jury trial; criminal prosecution; adversarial proceedings; oversight function; criminal procedure; constitution; criminal procedural legislation; procedural status; legal reform; international standards of justice. |
| 18 | Plotnikov Andrei Viktorovich Biyekenov Nurlan Amangeldinovich | THE EXPERIENCE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT FOR BRITISH POLICE OFFICERS AND THE POSSIBILITY OF ITS USE IN THE SYSTEM OF ENSURING THE PERSONAL SAFETY OF EMPLOYEES OF THE INTERNAL AFFAIRS BODIES OF KAZAKHSTAN | The article analyzes the system of psychological support for British police officers in order to borrow positive tools to ensure the personal safety of employees of the internal affairs bodies of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The object of the study was the institutional mechanisms for ensuring the psychological safety of police personnel. The key areas of foreign practice are highlighted, namely mutual assistance programs, mobile well-being centers, risk and injury management, as well as digital technologies for monitoring attacks on UK police officers. The positive aspects and disadvantages of the national practice of providing professional psychological support are considered in comparative terms. The ways of its transformation and improvement are proposed. It is concluded that it is necessary to increase the number of departmental psychologists, introduce digital monitoring tools and expand medical and psychological support. The implementation of these measures will improve personal safety, professional reliability and the level of readiness of police officers to perform official tasks, both in everyday and in extreme situations. | psychological diagnostics; psychological support; psychological well-being; emotional burnout; psychological training; personal safety; police officer. |
| 19 | Prokopova Anna Alekseevna Baizhanov Yerbol Amanzholovich | COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INTERNATIONAL ETHICAL CODES IN THE FIELD OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: PRINCIPLES, DIFFERENCES, AND LEGAL IMPLEMENTATION PROSPECTS | The article presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of international ethical codes regulating the development and use of artificial intelligence technologies. The study covers documents developed by governmental bodies, human rights organizations, academic institutions, and private corporations. Based on typological classification, three groups of codes are identified: socio-humanitarian, technical and legal, and corporate initiatives. Special attention is given to core ethical principles such as transparency, fairness, accountability, and inclusiveness, as well as the differences in implementation mechanisms. The analysis considers both positive aspects such as the formation of universal guidelines and increasing public trust in artificial intelligence and problematic ones, including declarative language, lack of enforcement mechanisms, and limited applicability. In conclusion, the paper proposes directions for improving artificial intelligence ethical standards, including legal integration of the norms, international coordination, institutional oversight, embedding ethics into the development lifecycle and enhancing the participation of civil society. The study emphasizes the urgent need to move from “ethics on paper” to practical tools for accountability and legal protection in the digital age. | artificial intelligence; ethics; code; human rights; transparency; accountability; OECD; UNESCO; European Commission. |
| 20 | Rakhimov Nurgali | CONCEPTUAL ISSUES OF LEGAL REGULATION OF RELIGIOUS ACTIVITY: KAZAKHSTANI AND INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE | The article discusses current legal issues related to the implementation of freedom of religion, which is a natural human right. Based on a review of domestic and foreign experience in legislative regulation of religious activities, the article reveals the main trends and challenges in this area. These include strengthening guarantees for the rights of religious minorities, maintaining an optimal balance between the implementation of freedom of religion and the task of combating extremism. It is concluded that the Kazakhstani model of ensuring compliance with and protection of the right to freedom of conscience generally complies with international standards, but there are certain shortcomings in the mechanism of this activity. As a result of the study, the author draws attention to the need to adapt to modern realities and change certain provisions of the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan “On Religious Activities and Religious Associations” regarding the distribution of religious materials. | religion; religious activity; freedom of conscience; religious event; religious association; religious minority; extremism; human rights. |
| 21 | Sadykov Mukhtar Voronkov Dmitry Valeriyevich | LEGAL AND ETHICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE SYSTEMS | The article discusses the legal and ethical foundations of the use of artificial intelligence systems in the field of personal data processing, liability for possible harm, as well as the conditions for recognizing artificial intelligence as a subject of law. Conceptual modeling makes it possible to analyze legal and ethical approaches to artificial intelligence at the intersection of technological autonomy and institutional responsibility. The requirements for transparency and explainability of data processing, fair distribution of responsibility for errors, flexible regulation and ethical codes, as well as for public participation ensuring legitimate and socially sustainable implementation of artificial intelligence are emphasized. | artificial intelligence; legal regulation; ethics; transparency; subjectivity; governance; digital slavery. |
| 22 | Sarbassov Alikhan Erzhanovich | THE IDENTITY OF A HIGH-TECH CRIMINAL: CRIMINOLOGICAL ASPECT | In the context of rapid digitalization, cybercrime has emerged as a distinct and complex form of modern criminality, characterized by high latency, transnational nature, and dynamic development. This article focuses on the study of the cybercriminal’s personality from a criminological perspective, aiming to identify the key socio-demographic, psychological, and motivational characteristics of offenders. The paper examines the main types of cybercriminals, including cyber fraudsters, hacktivists, cyberterrorists, and insiders, whose activities pose serious threats to the information security of the state, society, and the private sector. An analysis of statistical data from the Republic of Kazakhstan revealed the age and professional profiles of offenders, as well as trends in their transformation within the digital economy. Special attention is paid to the role of insiders and organized cyber groups. The study concludes on the necessity of adapting criminological approaches and developing an effective typology of cybercriminals to strengthen counteraction in cyberspace. | cybercrime; offender’s personality; high technologies; criminology; hacker; social engineering; insider; hacktivism. |
| 23 | Suindikov Nurdaulet Myktybekovich | RETURN OF ASSETS IN CIVIL PROCEEDINGS: INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS AND PROSPECTS FOR THEIR IMPLEMENTATION IN KAZAKHSTAN | The article examines issues related to the return of assets in civil proceedings as a pressing problem caused by the limited scope of criminal law enforcement in cases of illegal enrichment. The need to develop effective civil forfeiture mechanisms that promote justice and restore violated rights is emphasised. The purpose of the study is to analyse international standards in the field of asset recovery and assess the prospects for their implementation in the legal system of Kazakhstan. The work uses comparative legal, historical legal and analytical approaches, which ensured a comprehensive study of the issue based on a comparison of national and foreign regulatory acts, as well as international judicial practice. The main findings of the study include identifying existing gaps in national legislation and justifying the significance of the rulings of the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union for improving law enforcement practices. It was concluded that Kazakhstan's legislation needs to be further improved in order to expand the institution of civil forfeiture as an effective tool for combating illicit enrichment. | asset recovery; civil forfeiture; non-sentencing confiscation; illicit enrichment; illegally acquired assets; international standard; civil proceedings; corruption. |
| 24 | Teleuyev Galym Baigazyevich Moldagalieva Aizhan Sundetovna | PROBLEMS OF LEGAL SECURITY OF HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES | The safety of hydraulic structures includes ensuring the safety of people and the environment, preventing accidents at hydraulic structures and their consequences, as well as uninterrupted and reliable operation of facilities, which is carried out using technical means, supervision, a safety declaration and a set of risk mitigation measures. Currently, more than 1,500 hydraulic structures are in operation in our country. The safety of hydraulic structures is of great importance not only from the point of view of their failure, but also from the point of view of the impact of their consequences on the life and health of the population, as well as on the environmental situation, which ultimately affects the state of agriculture and the agro-industrial complex in the regions where hydraulic structures are located. The article provides a theoretical analysis of the concept of «security» and its types. The objectives of monitoring hydraulic structures used in the agro-industrial complex and the functions of bodies responsible for monitoring the safety of hydraulic structures are considered. There are also a number of shortcomings in the system of ensuring the safety of hydraulic structures in the country and the author's positions regarding its solution. | sustainable development; water code; safety of hydraulic structures; environmental safety; agriculture; civil defense; water resources. |
| 25 | Tuleuova Muldir Yerlanovna | THE USE OF OPEN DATA SOURCES (OSINT) IN CRIMINAL PROCEDURAL EVIDENCE | The effectiveness of a preliminary investigation depends on the quality of information collection at its initial stage, especially when solving crimes “in hot pursuit”. The article analyzes the legal basis for the use of open data (OSINT) in the criminal process of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The article considers the legislative norms governing the use of information from open sources as evidence, as well as the interpretation of the concept of “computer information” in various regulations and international agreements. Special attention is paid to the implementation of OSINT in the activities of Kazakhstani law enforcement agencies, its potential and legal gaps. The international experience of the USA and the EU is presented, including the analysis of digital footprints, monitoring of social networks, tracking of financial transactions and blockchain data. The author concludes that it is necessary to improve legal regulation and expand the capabilities of law enforcement agencies in using OSINT. | criminal offense; evidence; open data source; OSINT; computer information; information collection; operational investigative activities; digital trace. |
| 26 | Khabiyeva Elvira Serikbaevna | PROSPECTS FOR THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN PROSECUTORIAL SUPERVISION TO ENSURE THE LEGALITY OF COURT DECISIONS IN CIVIL CASES | This article examines the potential of using artificial intelligence technologies in the activities of the Prosecutor's Office of the Republic of Kazakhstan to ensure the legality of court decisions in civil cases. It demonstrates that integrating machine learning and predictive analytics into the processes of monitoring and generalizing judicial practice allows for the automation of processing large volumes of judicial acts, prompt identification of deviations from legal standards, and the generation of well-founded recommendations for prosecutorial response. The article discusses legal and ethical constraints, such as the protection of personal data, explainability of algorithms, transparency and accountability of decisions, as well as the need for regulatory frameworks and independent model audits. A closed data infrastructure and a phased implementation approach are proposed, combining technological efficiency with the principles of fairness and the rule of law. The article concludes that the development of “digital prosecutorial supervision” is a feasible element of justice system modernization. | artificial intelligence; prosecutorial supervision; civil litigation; analysis of judicial acts; machine learning; personal data; transparency. |
| 27 | Khakimov Yerzhan Maratovich Zhussipbekova Ainur | RIGHT WITHOUT EQUALITY: STALKING AND DOMESTIC VIOLENCE TRAPPED IN COLLISIONS | The article is devoted to the study of the legal collision and disproportionality of liability for stalking and domestic violence in the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In September 2025, criminal liability for stalking (Article 115-1 of the Criminal Code) was introduced, reflecting the recognition of the social danger of this act and its compliance with international practice. However, the analysis of legal norms revealed duplication of the objective elements of stalking and administrative offenses related to the violation of a protection order (Article 461 of the Code of Administrative Offenses) and non-execution of court decisions (Article 669 of the Code of Administrative Offenses). It has been established that criminal liability applies to the general subject (any sane person from the age of 16), whereas special subjects in domestic relations (spouse, former spouse, relative) bear only administrative liability, despite the similarity of actions. Such inconsistency reduces the level of protection for the most vulnerable categories of victims and contradicts the principles of justice and equality before the law. The article substantiates possible ways of eliminating legal uncertainty, including the extension of the criminal composition of stalking to domestic relations and the preservation of administrative liability as a preventive measure. | administrative liability; protection order; disproportionality; collision; stalking; domestic violence; criminal liability. |
| 28 | Shayakhmetov Shakir Shamilevich Yerdaulet Smailov | MODELS OF LEGAL REGULATION OF PRIVATE INVESTIGATION IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES AND PROSPECTS FOR THEIR ADAPTATION IN KAZAKHSTAN | The article examines existing models of legal regulation of private detective activity (private investigation) in foreign countries – primarily in the European Union, the United States of America, and the CIS states. The study analyzes institutional and legal approaches ranging from strict state regulation with licensing and oversight to decentralized and fragmented systems. The main advantages and disadvantages of different models are identified. Particular attention is paid to the possibility of adapting foreign experience to Kazakhstan, with recommendations for introducing licensing, establishing a supervisory authority, integrating private detectives into the legal system, and ensuring compliance with international human rights standards. The conclusion emphasizes the need for a balanced approach that would legalize and control private investigations in Kazakhstan while avoiding both excessive regulation and legal vacuum. | private detective activity; private investigation; licensing; legal regulation; professional detective; international experience; Kazakhstan; regulatory model; private security. |
| 29 | Shayakhmetova Zhanna Bekpolovna Tazhgarina Bela Kanatkalievna | GROUNDS OR DEPRIVATION OF PARENTAL RIGHTS AND NUANCES OF COURT PROCEEDINGS FOR DEPRIVATION OF PARENTAL RIGHTS | This article discusses the judicial procedure for deprivation of parental rights. Such cases are initiated on the basis of applications from bodies engaged in the protection of the rights of minors, guardianship and trusteeship organizations, orphanages and other institutions, as well as on the basis of claims from the prosecutor. Cases on deprivation of parental rights are conducted with the participation of the prosecutor and guardianship and trusteeship bodies. The court also considers issues of collecting alimony from the parents and determining whether their actions constitute a criminal offense. If the court notices signs of illegal behavior in the parents' actions, it will notify the prosecutor in a separate resolution. The article discusses under what circumstances a parent may be legally separated from their child, who can initiate this issue and file an application with the court, what bodies are involved in the court's consideration of such cases (prosecutor, guardianship authorities), how the court will verify the actions of the parents, if necessary, the tasks of collecting alimony and determining the signs of a criminal offense, as well as the procedure for sending documents to registration authorities after the decision enters into legal force, will be considered. | parental rights; guardianship; custody; alcoholism; drug addiction; restriction of rights; court; deprivation of rights. |
| 30 | Shegebayeva Aigerim Rysbayevna Zada Temirkanatovna Zhusupova | PREVENTION OF DRUG DEPENDENCE AMONG MINORS AND YOUTH: SOCIAL, LEGAL, AND EDUCATIONAL ASPECTS | The article provides a comprehensive examination of drug addiction prevention among youth and minors within social, legal, and educational contexts. The study analyzes the dynamics of drug-related crimes, the socio-demographic characteristics of juvenile offenders, and the influence of family background and education level. The authors identifies key factors contributing to the formation of drug-use behavior and proposes relevant measures to enhance prevention efforts. These include the integration of preventive content into educational programs, expansion of social and psychological support systems, strengthening of information security, and development of positive youth subcultures. Based on international experience and UN resolutions, the research highlights the importance of coordinated interaction between government institutions and families to improve the effectiveness of protecting young people from drug involvement. | addiction; youth; crime; prevention; law; social support; preventive measures. |